Biodiversity

 Here are the all posts about Biodiversity

 How Climate Change Affects Biodiversity 

 The impact of climate change on biodiversity is comprehensive, including impacts on  inheritable diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. 

 

 Climate change will have a profound impact on the  uproarious ness, distribution pattern, interspecific  connections, phenology, photosynthesis, etc. of factory species, and increase the  threat of  irruption of alien species and  extermination of original species. For  illustration, in the last decade of the 20th century, as the temperature rose, the number of thermophilic factory species in the Netherlands increased. Climate warming will beget some  shops to extend their growing seasons, bloom  before, grow  briskly, and disrupt being intermediate  connections. The areas where climate change has the  topmost impact on factory diversity are those where species have  fairly fixed  territories and can not resettle. thus, species with small populations and  fractured  territories, or species with  islet- suchlike distributions, are  fairly more vulnerable to climate change. 

 

 Temperature has a decisive influence on the hatching results of some reptiles and amphibians, and the hatching temperature can determine the  coitus of the  seed. For  illustration, for some  ocean turtles, when the incubation temperature is lesser than 29 ℃,  utmost of the  incubated baby turtles are  womanish, and when the incubation temperature is  lower than 27 ℃,  utmost of the  incubated baby turtles are  manly. For the Chinese alligator, when the incubation temperature is 28.5 ℃, all the  incubated baby alligators are  womanish, and when the incubation temperature is 33.5- 35 ℃, all the  incubated baby alligators are  manly. This means that under the background of continued temperature rise, some turtles and crocodiles may face the  trouble of  extermination. Some symbiotic, parasitic and food chain species may disrupt the interspecific  connections formed by long- term  elaboration due to the different  perceptivity of each species to temperature. 

Climate change will also lead to changes in the structure, function and diversity of ecosystems. For example, changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of precipitation caused the density of woody shrubs in the Chihuahua Desert in the United States to increase threefold in the 1970s , and the number of previously common animals decreased while the number of rare animals increased. In addition, rising temperatures increase plant productivity in high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems and change the carbon and nitrogen cycle process of ecosystems. The natural condition of ecotone is one of the areas most sensitive to climate change. For example, the semi-tundra transition zone in the Changbai Mountains in China has widened, and some plants in the alpine meadow and forest line transition zone in the Wutai Mountains have migrated to higher altitudes. The boreal forest is expanding northward at a speed of 100-150 kilometers per 1 °C increase in temperature. Global warming is causing the ecosystem as a whole to move toward the poles and high altitudes. The abundance of herbaceous and lichen plants in the tundra has changed, thereby changing the structure, composition, function and services of the ecosystem.

It is predicted that future climate change will lead to changes in the structure and function of marine ecosystems. For example, seawater temperature rises, ice cover decreases, salinity and oxygen change, marine biological distribution and phenology change, algae, plankton and fish in high-latitude oceans migrate toward the poles, and the biological richness, community structure and service capacity of marine ecosystems will change. According to the IPCC report, if the global temperature rises by 1 °C, coral reefs around the world will be bleached, and rising sea levels will cause coastal wetlands to be submerged. It is estimated that by 2080 , 20% of wetlands will be lost, and mangrove ecosystems will be greatly affected. Climate change will also have a great impact on marine plankton, especially polar ecosystems. The phenology and distribution of many marine and freshwater organisms will also change with the increase in water temperature, changes in ice cover, oxygen content and circulation changes. Algae, plankton and fish migrate toward the poles in terms of range and abundance.

Climate change will also affect the biodiversity conservation function of nature reserves, and will bring great pressure and challenges to biodiversity conservation in future reserves. Climate change causes some species to migrate in search of new suitable habitats, and some species even migrate to habitats outside the reserves, causing these species to disappear within the reserves, which will be detrimental to the effective protection of these species by the reserves. Climate change may also make the boundaries of the reserves no longer suitable, and the original management no longer effective.

Climate change will also increase the frequency of extreme weather events, such as blizzards, floods, droughts, etc., which will damage plants and animals and destroy ecosystems. The increase in the frequency of fires will also cause devastating damage to ecosystems.

 Top 10 Biodiversity Hotspots: The Most Vital Ecosystems on Earth

Although there is an incredible diversity of life on Earth, not all ecosystems are made equal. Some areas are referred to as "biodiversity hotspots," because of their great species diversity, which includes many endemic (found nowhere else on Earth) species. Although these hotspots are essential to preserving the natural balance of the globe, human activity is a continual threat to them. The top ten biodiversity hotspots worldwide will be examined in this blog, with an emphasis on their special significance and the difficulties they encounter.

1. The Amazon Rainforest (South America)

Location: Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and 5.5 million square kilometers in size Important species include macaws, Amazon river dolphins, jaguars, and poison dart frogs. With good cause, the Amazon Rainforest is frequently referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," as it generates around 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere. This tropical rainforest, which spans nine South American countries, is home to an astounding array of plants and animals. The Amazon is one of the planet's most abundant hotspots for biodiversity, home to some 390 billion trees and 10% of all known species. However, this crucial ecosystem is seriously threatened by deforestation brought on by logging, agriculture, and illicit mining.

2.The Coral Triangle (Southeast Asia) 

The region is 6 million square kilometers and includes Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste. Important species include sea turtles, clownfish, manta rays, and corals. The greatest concentration of marine species in the world can be found in the Coral Triangle. This hotspot, which is home to more than 2,000 fish species and 600 coral species, is frequently described to as the "Amazon of the Seas." Numerous species depend on the Coral Triangle for food and habitat, making it essential to the world's biodiversity. However, overfishing, coral bleaching, and coastal development pose major dangers to it. For the oceans of the world to remain healthy in the future, this area must be protected.

3.Madagascar (Indian Ocean)

Location: 587,041 square kilometers off the southeast coast of Africa Important Species: Fossa, Baobab trees, chameleons, and lemurs One of the most distinctive hotspots for biodiversity in the world is Madagascar, an island republic off the coast of southeast Africa. It is an important site for conservation since over 90% of the species found here are unique to Earth. Madagascar is home to iconic animals including chameleons, lemurs, and the fossa, a predator that resembles a cat. These endemic species are unfortunately under threat from illicit logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and deforestation, which makes conservation efforts in Madagascar even more critical.

4.Sundaland (Southeast Asia)

Location: Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and neighboring islands 750,000 square kilometers Important Species: Rhinoceros, Pygmy Elephants, Sumatran Tigers, and Orangutans Parts of Malaysia and Indonesia make up Sundaland, a region known for its amazing biodiversity, especially in its tropical habitats and rainforests. Critically endangered animals like the Sumatran tiger and the Bornean orangutan can be found in the deep jungles of Borneo and Sumatra. However, logging, mining, and palm oil plantations are destroying these forests at a startling rate. Because Sundaland's woods are crucial for sequestering carbon, protecting it is crucial for both its unique species and the management of the global climate.

5.The Himalayas (Asia)

Location: China, Pakistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal 1.5 million square kilometers Important species include Himalayan tahr, snow leopards, golden eagles, and red pandas. Often referred to as the "Roof of the World," the Himalayan mountain range is the highest in the world and a hotspot for abundant biodiversity. Numerous endemic species can be found in its diverse and isolated environments, which include alpine meadows and subtropical woods. Among the famous animals that can be found here are the Himalayan monal, the snow leopard, and the red panda. However, the Himalayan ecology is seriously threatened by deforestation, climate change, and conflicts between humans and wildlife.

6.The Western Ghats (India)

Location: Western India, encompassing multiple states 160,000 square kilometers Important species include the Indian tiger, Malabar giant squirrel, Nil giri tahr, and lion-tailed macaque. One of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity in the world is the Western Ghats, a mountain range that runs along the western coast of India. The Western Ghats, which are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are home to hundreds of bird and amphibian species, 139 animal species, and over 7,400 blooming plant species. Since many of the species found here are indigenous, this area is crucial for the preservation of biodiversity. However, these rich ecosystems are under stress from mining, deforestation, and climate change.

7.New Guinea (Oceania)

Location: Indonesia's Papua New Guinea (Papua and West Papua) 785,000 square kilometers in size Important species include Papuan cuscus, tree kangaroos, cassowaries, and birds of paradise. A wonderland of variety, New Guinea is renowned for its varied habitats and thick rainforests. Numerous plant and animal species that are unique to the island can be found nowhere else on the planet. Among the island's most well-known residents are cassowaries, tree kangaroos, and birds of paradise. Conservation efforts are essential to protecting this biodiverse region's distinctive ecosystems, which are unfortunately under danger due to logging, mining, and land conversion for agriculture.

8.The Congo Basin (Central Africa)

Location: Central Africa, which includes Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3.7 million square kilometers in size Important Species: Chimpanzees, Okapis, Forest Elephants, and Western Lowland Gorillas Known as the "lungs of Africa," the Congo Basin is the world's second-largest tropical rainforest, behind the Amazon. It is home to a staggering variety of wildlife, including highly endangered creatures like forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. The ecosystem of the area depends on the Congo River, which flows through this rainforest. However, the biodiversity of the area is threatened by logging, poaching, and political unrest, making conservation a difficult task.

9.Mesoamerican Reef (Central America)

Location: Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, and Honduras 1,000 kilometers Important Species: Sea turtles, coral species, whale sharks, and manatees The second-biggest barrier reef in the world and the largest in the Western Hemisphere is the Meso American Reef, which is situated off the coast of Central America. A diverse range of fish, corals, and other marine life can be found in this hotspot for marine biodiversity. For threatened animals like manatees and sea turtles, the reef offers vital habitat. However, overfishing, coastal development, and climate change-induced coral bleaching pose dangers to the reef.

10.The Cape Floristic Region (South Africa)

Where: South Africa Ninety thousand square kilometers Protea, Cape sugar bird, Klipspringer, and black rhinoceros are important species. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Cape Floristic Region is home to an amazing variety of plants, many of which are unique to this area. One of the world's greatest regions for plant biodiversity, the Cape Floristic Region is home to approximately 9,000 plant species, with nearly 70% of them being endemic. Numerous animal species, including the endangered black rhinoceros, can be found in the area. However, the fragile environmental balance in this area is being threatened by urbanization and agriculture.

Conclusion 

Some of the most distinctive and biologically significant areas on Earth are represented by the top ten biodiversity hotspots mentioned above. They offer vital services to the world, including as water purification and carbon sequestration, and are home to innumerable species, many of which are unique to this planet. Unfortunately, human activities like deforestation, overfishing, and climate change are putting many of these areas in danger.

It is more important than ever to conserve these areas. It is possible to help save these priceless ecosystems for future generations by supporting programs that safeguard these hotspots, promoting sustainable practices, and increasing public understanding of the value of biodiversity. The survival of these hotspots will be crucial to maintaining a healthy and sustainable world for all species as we confront the challenges of the twenty-first century.